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Are Adults Allowed to Fashion Minors With Firearms

Written By Friday, March 25, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Minimum age laws prevent young people and those around them from falling prey to preventable gun violence and suicide.

Purchasing and possessing a lethal weapon is a serious responsibleness and one that should non exist taken lightly. Our country sets minimum ages for driving, voting, and drinking alcohol to encourage responsible behavior. Because young adults are at elevated risk of attempting suicide and engaging in violent behaviors, strengthening minimum age laws for purchasing and possessing guns will help protect immature people and the public at large.

Background

82%

Increase in gun suicides amongst minors

Between 2009 and 2018, gun suicides of minors increased by a 82%. Laws that require safe storage of guns have the potential to save the lives of immature people in crisis.

Source

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Spider web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), "Fatal Injury Reports," last accessed June 26, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars. Calculations include children ages 10–17.

Laws imposing minimum historic period requirements for the possession and buy of firearms are intended to decrease access to firearms by young people and, correspondingly, to decrease the number of suicides, homicides, and unintentional shootings among that population. Given that young people are at elevated risk of engaging in violent behaviors against themselves or others, these laws have the potential to protect a especially vulnerable group.

A robust body of academic literature shows that the human brain continues to develop well past the historic period of 21, peculiarly in areas that may alter a person's likelihood of involvement in violence against themselves or others.

  • The parts of the brain responsible for impulse control, judgement, and long-range planning are among the last areas of the encephalon to fully mature, and in fact, may keep to develop until at least historic period 26.i
  • The developing brains of adolescents and young adults may put them at higher risk of making risky decisions. Hormonal changes can have meaning effects on cocky-command, decision making, emotions, risk-taking behaviors, and aggressive impulses.2

The biological processes that take identify during late adolescence and young adulthood can predispose individuals to riskier and more than aggressive behaviors.

  • A written report of offenders incarcerated for crimes committed with firearms found that 17% of offenders would have been prohibited from buying a gun if their state had a constabulary that raised the minimum age to possess a handgun to 21 years.3
  • Young people commit gun offenses in high numbers. In 2019, 28,568 young people between the ages of 10 and 21 were arrested for weapons offenses, such equally illegally carrying or possessing a firearm.4 This group made up 26% of all arrests for weapons offenses that yr.five
  • Data likewise suggests that young people disproportionately commit gun homicides. For example, eighteen-20-year olds comprise but 4% of the United states population, but account for 17% of known homicide offenders.6

Because impulse regulation and emotional control continues to develop into the mid-20s, young people, including adolescents and people under historic period 21, are at elevated take chances of attempting suicide.

  • Suicide risk is often much higher in the early stages of the onset of major psychiatric conditions, and these symptoms usually first develop in boyhood or early adulthood.seven
  • Suicide attempts that result in decease or infirmary treatment elevation at age 16, only are at the highest rates from age 14 through age 21.8
  • Gun access can significantly increase these risks. The association between firearm availability and suicide is strongest among adolescents and young adults.9

Laws that prohibit unsupervised possession or buy of firearms by children and young people can reduce harm among people under age 21.

  • One study found that country laws raising the minimum legal historic period to purchase firearms to 21 years were associated with a nine percent decline in rates of firearm suicides amidst 18-to-twenty-year-olds.ten
  • Controlling for other factors, unintentional firearm deaths and firearm suicides among youth (ages 0-xix) besides fell after the federal minimum age law was enacted.11

As described below, federal law and the laws in well-nigh states continue to allow unsupervised admission to firearms past individuals under age 21. Additional information about laws preventing kid admission to firearms is included in our summary on Child Access Prevention.

Summary of Federal Law

Federal police force in this expanse distinguishes between long guns (rifles and shotguns) and handguns, and betwixt gun possession and gun sales. Federal constabulary too provides stronger age restrictions for sales by licensed gun sellers.

Federal Minimum Age for Gun Sales and Transfers

Handguns

  • Licensed firearms dealers may not sell or deliver a handgun or ammunition for a handgun to any person the dealer has reasonable cause to believe is under age 21.12
  • Unlicensed persons may not sell, deliver or otherwise transfer a handgun or handgun ammunition to any person the transferor knows or has reasonable cause to believe is under historic period xviii, with certain exceptions.*13

Long Guns (Rifles and Shotguns)

  • Licensed firearms dealers may not sell or evangelize a long gun, or ammunition for a long gun, to whatever person the dealer knows or has reasonable cause to believe is under age xviii.14
  • Unlicensed persons may sell, deliver, or otherwise transfer a long gun or long gun armament to a person of any age.

Minimum Historic period for Gun Possession:Subject to express exceptions*, federal constabulary prohibits the possession of a handgun or handgun ammunition by any person under the age of eighteen.15 , 16 Federal police force provides no minimum age for the possession of long guns or long gun ammunition.

*Exceptions:Federal law provides exceptions for the temporary transfer and possession of handguns and handgun ammunition for specified activities, including employment, ranching, farming, target practice and hunting.17

Summary of State Police

Several states and the District of Columbia impose minimum historic period requirements, some of which extend beyond those contained in federal constabulary. Those laws generally fall into 4 categories:

  • Laws imposing a minimum historic period for handgun or firearm purchases ;
  • Laws imposing a minimum age for all long gun purchases, from licensed or unlicensed sellers;
  • Laws imposing age requirements for possession of handguns; and
  • Laws imposing a minimum age for possession of long guns.

Additional information about laws preventing child admission to firearms is included in our summary on Child Access Prevention.

State Minimum Age Laws*
State Purchase of a Handgun Purchase of a Long Gun Possession of a Handgun

Possession of a Long Gun
Alabama  eighteen18 eighteen19
Alaska xviii20 1821 1622

1623

Arizona 1824 1825  eighteen26

 1827

Arkansas 1828 1829 1830
California 2131 2132 xviii33

18 for semiautomatic rifles (constructive January 1, 2022; expanded to all firearms effective July 2023)34

Colorado 1835
Connecticut 2136 1837 2138
Delaware 2139 xviii40 "a juvenile" 41
District of Columbia 2142 xviii43 2144

21 or 18 with parental consent45

Florida 2146 2147 1848

1849

Georgia 18 50 1851
Hawaii 2152 2153 2154

2155

Idaho 1856 1857

eighteen 58

Illinois 2159 2160 2161

2162

Indiana eighteen63 1864

xviii65

Iowa 2166 1867 2168

eighteen69

Kansas 18seventy
Kentucky eighteen71 eighteen72
Louisiana xviii73 18 74 1775
Maine 1876 xvi for transfers, 18 for nigh sales 77
Maryland 21 78 18 79 21 80

21 for assault weapons81

Massachusetts 21 82 eighteen 83 21 84

 fifteen (with parental consent) or 18 85

Michigan 18 for private sales, 21 for purchases from dealers86  eighteen 87 eighteen 88

xviii 89

Minnesota 18 in cities or 14 exterior cities90 1891

xiv (with firearms rubber certificate), otherwise sixteen 92

Mississippi 1893 1894 xviii95
Missouri 1896 eighteen97
Montana
Nebraska 2198 xviii99 eighteen100
Nevada101 18102

18
14 (with a hunting license and parental permission)103

New Hampshire 18104
New Jersey 21105 eighteen106 21107

18108

New United mexican states xix109
New York 21110 21111

xvi112

North Carolina 18113 xviii114
Northward Dakota "a small"115  18116
Ohio 21117 xviii118
Oklahoma 18119 18120 18121

18122

Oregon 18123 eighteen124 18125

18126

Pennsylvania 18127 xviii128 xviii129

18130

Rhode Island 21 131 18 132 eighteen 133

eighteen 134

S Carolina  eighteen 135  eighteen 136
S Dakota xviii137
Tennessee 18138 18 139 xviii140
Texas 18 141 18 142
Utah  eighteen143  xviii144 xviii145

18146

Vermont 21 (without a hunting safety certificate)147 21 (without a hunting rubber document)148 16149
Virginia xviii150 eighteen151
Washington 21152 21 (for semiautomatic rifles)153 21 (for possession outside individual holding)154

18155
21 (for possession of semiautomatic rifles outside individual property)156

Westward Virginia eighteen157

18158

Wisconsin 18159 18160 18161

xviii162

Wyoming  21163  18164

* Many land minimum age laws provide exceptions that allow minors to possess firearms in one or more than of the following situations: in the person'southward home, on the person's property, with parental permission, for hunting, for firearm rubber lessons, for target shooting, or for similar activities. Not all of these exceptions are noted in this table or in the citations.

State Laws Governing Minimum Historic period to Purchase and Possess Firearms

For citations to these laws, please run across the chart above.

States Imposing Minimum Age Requirements for All Firearm Purchases

Although federal constabulary prohibits licensed dealers from selling long guns to persons nether 18, at that place is no federal regulation of the sale of long guns past unlicensed dealers to minors. Similarly, while federal law prohibits handgun sales by licensed dealers to persons under 21, unlicensed dealers are prohibited merely from selling handguns to persons under eighteen. As listed above, many states have imposed a minimum historic period for the purchase of all firearms, including both handguns and long guns, regardless of whether they are purchased from a licensed firearms dealer.

States with Stricter Minimum Age Requirements for Possession of Handguns than Federal Police

Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Washington, and the District of Columbia impose minimum age requirements for the possession of handguns which are stricter than the federal minimum of 18.165

States Imposing Minimum Age Requirements for Possession of Long Guns

While federal constabulary prohibits federally licensed firearms dealers from selling a long gun to anyone under 18, there is no federal minimum historic period for possession of a long gun. Twenty-iii states have enacted laws to at to the lowest degree partially shut this gap, and impose a minimum age at which persons tin possess long guns. Many of these laws contain exceptions which allow younger children to possess long guns where the pocket-sized'southward parent or guardian is nowadays, or when the minor is engaged in hunting or target shooting.

GET THE FACTS

Gun violence is a complex problem, and while in that location'south no one-size-fits-all solution, we must deed. Our reports bring you the latest cutting-edge research and analysis about strategies to end our state'due south gun violence crisis at every level.

Learn More

Selected Local Police

New York Metropolis

In New York City, however, no person under age 21 may be granted a let or license to purchase, possess or deport whatever firearm, with certain exceptions. It is also unlawful to transfer a firearm to whatsoever person under historic period 21 unless he or she is exempted. A person under 21 may carry, fire or utilise a rifle or shotgun without being subject to the permit requirement if he or she is in the presence of, or nether the direct supervision of, a permit holder, or engaged in a military drill, competition, or target practice at a firing range.166

Primal Legislative Elements

The features listed below are intended to provide a framework from which policy options may exist considered. A jurisdiction considering new legislation should consult with counsel.

  • Minimum age of 21 is imposed for all handgun sales, from licensed or unlicensed sellers(California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Rhode Isle, Vermont, and District of Columbia).
  • Minimum historic period of eighteen is imposed for all long gun sales, from licensed or unlicensed sellers(23 states and the Commune of Columbia).
  • Minimum age of 21 is imposed for possession of handguns(Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and the District of Columbia).
  • Minimum age of xviii is imposed for possession of long guns(16 states and the District of Columbia).
  • Younger teens are allowed to possess long guns simply under directly adult supervision.

Guns in Schools

Guns in schools are an unnecessary and significant threat to the safety of children and college students.

Child Access Prevention

Comprehensive child admission prevention laws are an incredibly effective tool to curb gun deaths and injuries amidst children and teens.

Universal Background Checks

Universal background checks are essential to close deadly loopholes in our laws that allow millions of guns to cease up in the hands of individuals at an elevated risk of committing violence each year.

  1. Elizabeth R. Sowell, et al., "In Vivo Evidence for Post-boyish Brain Maturation in Frontal and Striatal Regions," Nature Neuroscience 2, no. 10 (1999); Tulio Chiliad. Otero and Lauren A. Barker, "The Frontal Lobes and Executive Functioning," in Handbook of Executive Functioning (New York: Springer, 2013).[↩]
  2. Mariam Arain, et al., "Maturation of the Boyish Brain," Neuropsychiatric Illness and Treatment 9 (2013); Allan Siegel and Jeff Victoroff, "Understanding Human Aggression: New Insights from Neuroscience." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (2009): 210–211.[↩]
  3. Katherine A. Vittes, Jon S. Vernick, and Daniel W. Webster, "Legal Status and Source of Offenders' Firearms in States with the Least Stringent Criteria for Gun Ownership," Injury Prevention 19, no. i (2013).[↩]
  4. 2019 Crime in the United States, Table 38, Uniform Crime Reporting Plan, Washington, DC: Section of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/criminal offence-in-the-u.south.-2019/topic-pages/tables/table-38.[↩]
  5. Id. [↩]
  6. Calculated using information from the FBI'due south Supplementary Homicide Reports and Usa Census Agency. Uniform Criminal offence Reporting Program: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation; United states Demography Bureau Population Estimates.[↩]
  7. Merete Nordentoft, Preben Bo Mortensen, and Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, "Absolute Hazard of Suicide later on First Infirmary Contact in Mental Disorder," Archives of General Psychiatry 68, no. x (2011); Ronald C. Kessler, et al., "Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication," Archives of Full general Psychiatry 62, no. half-dozen (2005).[↩]
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting Organization (WISQARS), "Fatal and NonFatal Injury Data," concluding accessed February. 26, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars. Figures represent an average of the v about contempo years of available data (2013-2017).[↩]
  9. Run into Johanna Birckmayer and David Hemenway, "Suicide and Firearm Prevalence: are Youth Disproportionately Affected?," Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 31, no. 3 (2001); Matthew Miller and David Hemenway, "The Relationship betwixt Firearms and Suicide: a Review of the Literature," Assailment and Tearing Beliefs iv, no. 1 (1999).[↩]
  10. Daniel W. Webster, Jon South. Vernick, April K. Zeoli, and Jennifer A. Manganello, "Association Between Youth–focused Firearm Laws and Youth Suicides," JAMA 292, no. 5 (2004).[↩]
  11. Mark Gius, "The Touch on of Minimum Age and Child Admission Prevention Laws on Firearm-related Youth Suicides and Unintentional Deaths," The Social Science Journal 52, no. 2 (2015).[↩]
  12. 18 U.s.a.C. § 922(b)(1), (c)(1).[↩]
  13. 18 United states of americaC. § 922(x)(i), (5).[↩]
  14. 18 U.s.a.C. § 922(b)(1), (c)(1).[↩]
  15. 18 UsC. § 922(x)(2), (5).[↩]
  16. This minimum age provision has been the subject of various challenges and has generally been upheld, see NRA v. ATF, 700 F. 3d 185 (5th Cir. 2013).[↩]
  17. 18 The statesC. § 922(ten)(3).[↩]
  18. Ala. Lawmaking § 13A-xi-57. See too Ala. Code § 13A-11-76.[↩]
  19. Ala. Code § 13A-11-72(b).[↩]
  20. Alaska Stat. § 11.61.210(a)(6).[↩]
  21. Alaska Stat. § eleven.61.210(a)(6).[↩]
  22. Alaska Stat. § 11.61.220(a)(three).[↩]
  23. Alaska Stat. § xi.61.220(a)(iii).[↩]
  24. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3109(A).[↩]
  25. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3109(A).[↩]
  26. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § thirteen-3109(A). However, this restriction does not apply to possession of a firearm on individual belongings owned or leased past the minor or the pocket-size's parent, grandparent or guardian.[↩]
  27. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3109(A). Even so, this restriction does not apply to possession of a firearm on private belongings owned or leased by the minor or the minor's parent, grandparent or guardian.[↩]
  28. Ark. Code Ann. § v-73-109(a).[↩]
  29. Ark. Lawmaking Ann. § 5-73-109(a).[↩]
  30. Ark. Code Ann. §§ 5-73-119(a)(ane), (eastward).[↩]
  31. Cal. Penal Code § 27505(a).[↩]
  32. Cal. Penal Code §§ 27505(a); 27510(a). Some exceptions for people over eighteen with hunting permits, as well equally military and law enforcement.[↩]
  33. Cal. Penal Code § 29610; 29615.[↩]
  34. Cal. Penal Code § 29610; 29615.[↩]
  35. Colo. Rev. Stat. § eighteen-12-108.five(1), (2). Some exceptions for people hunting, attending shooting courses or competitions, or with parental consent.[↩]
  36. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 29-34(b).[↩]
  37. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 29-37a(b), (c).[↩]
  38. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 29-36f.[↩]
  39. Del. Code Ann. tit. 24, § 903.[↩]
  40. Del. Lawmaking Ann. tit. eleven, § 1445.[↩]
  41. Del. Code Ann. tit. eleven, § 1448(a)(five). The term "juvenile" is not defined under Delaware law, although state constabulary notes that any person who attains age 18 is deemed to exist of full legal age for "all purposes whatsoever." Del. Code Ann. tit. 1, § 701.[↩]
  42. D.C. Lawmaking Ann. § 22-4507.[↩]
  43. D.C. Code Ann. § 7-2507.06(1). Run into as well D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 24, § 2302.1, 2302.iii.[↩]
  44. D.C. Lawmaking Ann. § seven-2502.03(a)(i).[↩]
  45. D.C. Lawmaking Ann. §§ seven-2502.03, D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 24, § 2301.i.[↩]
  46. Fla. Stat. § 790.065(13).[↩]
  47. Fla. Stat. § 790.065(thirteen).[↩]
  48. Fla. Stat. § 790.22(3), (5).[↩]
  49. Fla. Stat. Ann. § 790.22(iii), (5).[↩]
  50. Ga. Code Ann. § 16-eleven-101.one(b); run into § sixteen-11-101.i(a)(1) (defining "pocket-size").[↩]
  51. Ga. Code Ann. § 16-11-132(b). Some exceptions for hunting or target shooting.[↩]
  52. Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 134-2(a), (d).[↩]
  53. Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 134-2(a), (d).[↩]
  54. Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 134-two(a), (d).[↩]
  55. Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 134-2(a), (d). These restrictions are subject to certain exceptions regarding possession of long guns by licensed hunters, etc.[↩]
  56. Idaho Code Ann. § 18-3302A.[↩]
  57. Idaho Code Ann. § 18-3302F(1).[↩]
  58. Idaho Code Ann. §§ 18-3302A, xviii-3302E; 18-3302G.[↩]
  59. 430 Sick. Comp. Stat. 65/3(a), 65/iv.[↩]
  60. 430 Ill. Comp. Stat. 65/3(a), 65/4.[↩]
  61. 430 Ill. Comp. Stat. 65/2(a)(one), 65/4(a)(ii)(i).[↩]
  62. 430 Ill. Comp. Stat. 65/2(a)(1), 65/iv(a)(two)(i).[↩]
  63. Ind. Code Ann. § 35-47-2-three.[↩]
  64. Ind. Code Ann. §§ 35-47-10-3, 35-47-10-5.[↩]
  65. Ind. Code Ann. §§ 35-47-ten-3, 35-47-10-five.[↩]
  66. Iowa Lawmaking § 724.22(ii), 724.15(2)(A).[↩]
  67. Iowa Lawmaking § 724.22(1).[↩]
  68. Iowa Lawmaking § 724.22.[↩]
  69. Iowa Code § 724.22.[↩]
  70. Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-6301(a)(14), (k).[↩]
  71. Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 527.110(ane)(a).[↩]
  72. Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 527.100.[↩]
  73. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14:91.[↩]
  74. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14:91.[↩]
  75. La. Rev. Stat. § 14:95.8(A).[↩]
  76. Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, § 554-B.[↩]
  77. Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. 17-A, § 554-A.[↩]
  78. Md. Code Ann., Pub. Safety § 5-134(d).[↩]
  79. Physician. Code Ann., Pub. Safety § v-134(d)(i)(ii).[↩]
  80. Md. Lawmaking Ann., Pub. Safety §§ 5-101(r), 5-133(d).  Maryland'south minimum historic period requirement applies to "regulated firearms," which are divers as handguns and attack weapons.[↩]
  81. Doctor. Code Ann., Pub. Safety §§ 5-101(r), 5-133(d).  Maryland's minimum age requirement applies to "regulated firearms," which are defined equally handguns and assault weapons.[↩]
  82. (Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140, §§ 130, 131E(a).[↩]
  83. (Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140, §§ 130, 131E(a).[↩]
  84. Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140, § 131.[↩]
  85. Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140, § 129B.[↩]
  86. Mich. Comp. Laws Serv. § 28.422(3)(b); Mich. Comp. Laws Serv. § 28.422(11).[↩]
  87. Mich. Comp. Laws Serv. § 750.223(2). This restriction applies to the sale of guns that are more than 26 inches in length.[↩]
  88. Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.234f.[↩]
  89. Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.234f.[↩]
  90. Minn. Stat. § 609.66.[↩]
  91. Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. i(one).[↩]
  92. Minn. Stat. §§ 97B.021.[↩]
  93. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-37-13.[↩]
  94. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-37-13.[↩]
  95. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-37-14.[↩]
  96. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 571.080, which refers to 18 U.s.C. § 922(x).[↩]
  97. Applies when a person "recklessly" sells to a pocket-sized. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 571.060.ane(2). A person "acts recklessly" or is reckless under Missouri law when he or she consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable hazard that circumstances exist or that a result will follow, and such disregard constitutes a gross divergence from the standard of care which a reasonable person would do in the state of affairs. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 562.016.4[↩]
  98. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 69-2403, 69-2404. A handgun purchase certificate is generally required to acquire a handgun from an unlicensed seller. Individuals must be 21 to obtain the certificate and, under federal law, must be 21 to obtain a handgun from a licensed dealer.[↩]
  99. Pecker. Rev. Stat. § 28-1204.01. This brake does not apply to transfers of long guns from family members or "for a legitimate and lawful sporting purpose."[↩]
  100. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-1204(one).[↩]
  101. Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 202.310.[↩]
  102. Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 202.300(1).[↩]
  103. Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 202.300(1); 202.300(v).[↩]
  104. Northward.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 159:12. This section does not apply to: i) parents, grandparents, guardians, administrators and executors giving a revolver to their children, wards, or heirs to an estate; 2) firearm safety instructors during a preparation program, with the parent or guardian's permission; 3) licensed hunters accompanying a pocket-size while lawfully hunting; and 4) individuals supervising minors using firearms during a lawful shooting event or activeness.[↩]
  105. North.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 2C:58-3.3c, 2C:58-6.1a, 2C:58-3c(four).[↩]
  106. N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 2C:39-10e., 2C:58-6.1a, 2C:58-3c(four).[↩]
  107. North.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:58-six.1b.[↩]
  108. Due north.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:58-vi.1b.[↩]
  109. N.K. Stat. Ann. § xxx-seven-ii.2.[↩]
  110. North.Y. Penal Police § 400.00(one)(a), (12).[↩]
  111. N.Y. Penal Law § 400.00(1)(a).[↩]
  112. N.Y. Penal Law § 265.05. This law does not utilize to the possession of a rifle or shotgun (or the appropriate ammunition) by the holder of a hunting license or permit used in accordance with state law.[↩]
  113. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-315.[↩]
  114. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-269.vii.[↩]
  115. N.D. Cent. Code § 62.one-03-02. This section does non prohibit a person from lending or giving a handgun to a minor for use nether the directly supervision of an adult and for the purposes of firearm condom preparation, target shooting, or hunting.[↩]
  116. N.D. Cent. Lawmaking § 62.i-02-01(1)(d). This prohibition does not utilize if the pocket-sized is under the direct supervision of an adult and possesses the handgun for the purposes of firearm safety grooming, target shooting, or hunting.[↩]
  117. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.21(B).[↩]
  118. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.21(A).[↩]
  119. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, § 1273(A), (E).[↩]
  120. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, § 1273(A), (Due east).[↩]
  121. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, §§ 1273 (C), (E), 1283(D).[↩]
  122. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, §§ 1273 (C), (E), 1283(D).[↩]
  123. Or. Rev. Stat. § 166.470(1)(a).[↩]
  124. Or. Rev. Stat. § 166.470(one)(a).[↩]
  125. Or. Rev. Stat. § 166.250(1)(c)(A).[↩]
  126. Or. Rev. Stat. § 166.250(2)(a).[↩]
  127. 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 6110.i(c), (d), 6302.[↩]
  128. 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 6110.1(c), (d), 6302.[↩]
  129. 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6110.1(a). Pennsylvania's possession prohibition refers to handguns and to rifles and shotguns of a specified length. It does non encompass all long guns.[↩]
  130. 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6110.1(a). Pennsylvania'southward possession prohibition refers to handguns and to rifles and shotguns of a specified length. It does not encompass all long guns.[↩]
  131. R.I. Gen. Laws §§ eleven-47-35(a)(1), 11-47-37.[↩]
  132. R.I. Gen. Laws §§ eleven-47-30, eleven-47-31.[↩]
  133. R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-47-33.[↩]
  134. R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-47-33.[↩]
  135. S.C. Code Ann. § 16-23-30(A)(3). This prohibition does not apply to the temporary loan of handguns for instructions under the immediate supervision of a parent or adult instructor. Id. [↩]
  136. S.C. Code Ann. § xvi-23-30(B). This prohibition does not apply to the temporary loan of handguns for instructions under the immediate supervision of a parent or adult instructor. Id. [↩]
  137. Southward.D. Codified Laws § 23-seven-44.[↩]
  138. Tenn. Lawmaking Ann. § 39-17-1320(a); Tenn. Lawmaking Ann. § 39-17-1303(a)(1).[↩]
  139. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-1303(a)(ane).[↩]
  140. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-1319(b). For a list of affirmative defenses a juvenile may raise when being prosecuted for knowingly possessing a handgun, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-1319(d)(1). [↩]
  141. Tex. Penal Lawmaking Ann. § 46.06(a)(two), (c).[↩]
  142. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 46.06(a)(2), (c).[↩]
  143. Utah Code Ann. § 76-10-509.9.[↩]
  144. Utah Code Ann. § 76-x-509.9.[↩]
  145. Utah Code Ann. § 76-10-509.4.[↩]
  146. Utah Lawmaking Ann. § 76-ten-509.[↩]
  147. Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 13, § 4020, enacted past 2017 VT Southward 55, Sec. 7.[↩]
  148. Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 13, § 4020, enacted by 2017 VT South 55, Sec. 7.[↩]
  149. Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 13, § 4008.[↩]
  150. Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-309. See also Va. Code Ann. § ane-207 (defining "minor").[↩]
  151. Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-308.seven.[↩]
  152. Launder. Rev. Code Ann. § 9.41.240.[↩]
  153. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 9.41.240.[↩]
  154. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 9.41.240.[↩]
  155. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 9.41.040(ii)(a)(three), 9.41.042.[↩]
  156. Wash. Rev. Lawmaking Ann. § ix.41.240, effective July i, 2019.[↩]
  157. W. Va. Code §§ 61-vii-2(nine); 61-seven-8.[↩]
  158. W. Va. Code §§ 61-seven-ii(9); 61-7-8.[↩]
  159. Wis. Stat. § 948.60(2)(b).[↩]
  160. Wis. Stat. § 948.60(2)(b).[↩]
  161. Wis. Stat. § 948.60(2)(a).[↩]
  162. Wis. Stat. § 948.lx(2)(a).[↩]
  163. Wyo. Stat. § half-dozen-viii-404(d)(i)(A). This applies only to firearms covered by Wyoming'southward Firearms Freedom Act.[↩]
  164. Wyo. Stat. § 6-8-404(d)(i)(B). This applies merely to firearms covered by Wyoming'south Firearms Freedom Act.[↩]
  165. The Commune'south Chief of Police may outcome a registration document to an applicant between the ages of 18 and 21 years onetime who is otherwise qualifiedif the application is accompanied by a notarized statement from the bidder's parent or guardian stating that: 1) the applicant has the permission of his parent or guardian to own and use the firearm to be registered; and 2) the parent or guardian assumes civil liability for all damages resulting from the actions of such bidder in the use of the firearm to be registered. D.C. Lawmaking Ann. § 7-2502.03(a)(one).  This type of registration certificate expires on the person's 21st birthday. D.C. Code Ann. § 7-2502.03(a)(1)(B).[↩]
  166. New York, N.Y., Charter §§ 462-464; Admin. Lawmaking § x-303 et seq.[↩]

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