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Cultural and historical region in northeastern French republic

Place in K Est, French republic

Lorraine Louréne(Lorrain) Lottringe(Lorraine Franconian)
Flag Coat of artillery
Country	France
Administrative region	1000 Est
Prefecture	Metz
Departments	4 Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Moselle Vosges
Area
• Total	23,547 km2 (9,092 sq mi)
Population (one January 2012)
• Full	2,349,816
Demonym(s)	Lorrainer
ISO 3166 code	FR-M
NUTS Region	FR4

Lorraine ^{[Note 1]} is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern France, now located in the administrative region of Chiliad Est. Its name stems from the medieval kingdom of Lotharingia, which in turn was named afterwards either Emperor Lothair I or King Lothair II. Lorraine later was ruled as the Duchy of Lorraine before the Kingdom of French republic annexed it in 1766.

From 1982 until Jan 2016, Lorraine was an administrative region of France. In 2016, under a reorganisation, it became function of the new region Thou Est.^[1] Equally a region in modern France, Lorraine consisted of the four departments Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Moselle and Vosges (from a historical signal of view the Haute-Marne department is located in the region), containing 2,337 communes. Metz is the regional prefecture. The largest metropolitan area of Lorraine is Nancy, which had developed for centuries every bit the seat of the duchy.

Lorraine borders Frg, Belgium and Luxembourg. Its inhabitants are chosen Lorrains and Lorraines in French and number about ii,356,000.

History [edit]

Saint-Étienne cathedral in Metz, upper-case letter of Lorraine

Lorraine'due south borders have inverse often in its long history. The location of Lorraine led to it being a paramount strategic asset as the crossroads of four nations. This, along with its political alliances, marriage alliances, and the ability of rulers over the centuries to choose sides between Eastward and West, gave it a tremendously powerful and of import role in transforming all of European history. Its rulers intermarried with royal families over all of Europe, played kingmaker, and seated rulers on the thrones of the Holy Roman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungary, and others.

In 840, Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious died. The Carolingian Empire was divided among Louis' three sons by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. The centre realm, known as Middle Francia, went to Lothair I, reaching from Frisia in Northern Germany through the Low Countries, Eastern France, Burgundy, Provence, Northern Italy, and downwards to Rome. On the death of Lothair I, Heart Francia was divided in three by the Treaty of Prüm in 855, with the northern tertiary called Lotharingia and going to Lothair II. Due to Lotharingia being sandwiched between Due east and Westward Francia, the rulers identified equally a duchy from 870 onward, enabling the duchy to ally and align itself nominally with either eastern or western Carolingian kingdoms in order to survive and maintain its independence. Thus, it was a duchy in name but operated as an contained kingdom.

In 870, Lorraine centrolineal with East Francia while remaining an democratic duchy. In 962, when Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, restored the Empire (restauratio imperii), Lorraine was designated as the autonomous Duchy of Lorraine within the Holy Roman Empire. It maintained this status until 1766, afterwards which it was annexed under succession law by the Kingdom of France, via derivative aloof house alliances.

The succession within these houses, in tandem with other historical events, would have later restored Lorraine's status as its own duchy, but a vacuum in leadership occurred. Its duke Francois Stephen de Lorraine (Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor) took the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, and his brother Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine became governor of the Austrian Netherlands. For political reasons, he decided to hibernate those heirs who were not born by his first wife, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, who was deceased when he took office.

The vacuum in leadership, the French Revolution, and the political results and changes issuing from the many nationalistic wars that followed in the next 130 years, ultimately resulted in Lorraine becoming a permanent part of the modern Republic of France. Because of wars, it came under control of Frg several times as the border between the nations shifted. While Lorrainian separatists practise be in the 21st century, their political power and influence is negligible. Lorraine separatism today consists more than of preserving its cultural identity rather than seeking 18-carat political independence.

With enlightened leadership and at a crossroads between French and High german cultures, Lotharingia experienced tremendous economic, artistic, and cultural prosperity during the twelfth and 13th centuries under the Hohenstaufen emperors. Along with the rest of Europe, this prosperity was terminated in Lorraine in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Decease. During the Renaissance, a flourishing prosperity returned to Lotharingia until the Thirty Years' War.

French republic annexed Lorraine in 1766, and it retains control in the early 21st century. Due to the region'southward location, the population has been mixed. The northward is largely German, speaking Lorraine Franconian and other High german dialects. Strong centralized nationalism had only begun to supplant the feudalist arrangement which had formed the multilingual borders, and insurrection against the French occupation influenced much of the expanse'due south early on identity. In 1871, the German Empire regained a part of Lorraine (Bezirk Lothringen, respective to the current department of Moselle). The section formed part of the new Imperial German State of Alsace-Lorraine. In France, the revanchist motion adult to recover this territory.

The Imperial High german administration strongly discouraged the French language and culture in favor of High German, which became the administrative language (Geschäftssprache.^[2]) Information technology required the use of German in schools in areas which it considered or designated as German-speaking, an oftentimes capricious categorisation. French was immune to remain in apply only in primary and secondary schools in municipalities definitely considered Francophone, such as Château-Salins and the surrounding arrondissement,^[iii] every bit well and in their local administration.^[iv]

Only after 1877, higher didactics, including land-run colleges, universities and instructor seminaries, was conducted exclusively in German.^[5] The predominance of German and the fractional usage of French, though restricted, were both guaranteed by the 1911 constitution of Alsace-Lorraine.^[half-dozen] While many toponyms of German etymology in Lorraine were adapted to the Loftier German standard (i.eastward. Germanised^[7]) a number of genuine Francophone toponyms remained untouched. During the Nazi occupation between 1940 and 1944, all the same, its authorities imposed capricious High german translations to supplant all French names. For instance, Château-Salins was called Salzburg in Lothringen.

In the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, the former High german Empire suffered severe territorial losses following World War I, including the portion of Lorraine territory that had been part of its land of Alsace-Lorraine. With the exception of its de facto looting by Nazi Germany during Globe War II, that expanse has since remained a part of France. During that war, the cross of Lorraine was a symbol of Complimentary French republic.

Development of the borders in modern history [edit]

Lorraine in 1870: Colors bear witness the original departments' territories

The authoritative region of Lorraine is larger than the 18th century duchy of Lorraine, which gradually came under French sovereignty betwixt 1737 and 1766. The modern region includes provinces and areas that were historically dissever from the duchy of Lorraine proper. These are:

• Barrois
• Three Bishoprics: non-contiguous territories around Metz, Verdun, and Toul, which were detached from the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century and came under French sovereignty.
• Several modest principalities, which were still office of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the French Revolution.

Some historians consider the traditional province of Lorraine as limited to the duchy of Lorraine proper, while others consider that it includes Barrois and the Iii Bishoprics. The duchy of Lorraine was originally the duchy of upper Lorraine, and did non include the entire area since called Lorraine.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The instance of Barrois is the nigh complicated: the western part of Barrois (due west of the Meuse), known as Barrois mouvant, was detached from the rest of Barrois in the early on 14th century and taken over past French sovereignty. The largest part of Barrois (due east of the Meuse River) was the Duchy of Bar, function of the Holy Roman Empire. In the 15th century, it was united with the Duchy of Lorraine by the marriage of the Duke of Bar, René of Anjou, with Isabella, daughter of the Knuckles of Lorraine. Thus the duchies of Bar and Lorraine were united in personal union under the aforementioned duke, although formally they were officially carve up until being annexed and incorporated into the Kingdom of French republic in 1766.

During the French Revolution, 4 departments were created from the main parts of the territories of Barrois, Three Bishoprics and the Duchy of Lorraine:

• Meuse,
• Meurthe,
• Moselle and
• Vosges.

Afterwards 1870 some parts of Moselle and Meurthe became German. Of the remaining parts, France formed the new department named Meurthe-et-Moselle. After 1918 and the Great War, France took over command again of Moselle.

When French republic created its administrative regions in the center of the 20th century, it decided to assemble Meurthe et Moselle, Meuse, Moselle and Vosges into a single region, known as Lorraine.

Geography [edit]

Lorraine is the merely French region to have borders with iii other countries: Belgium (Wallonia), Luxembourg, and Frg (Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate). It also borders the French regions of Franche-Comté, Champagne-Ardenne, which were at times role of historical Lorraine Lotharingia, and Alsace, which, while still part of Lorraine's identity, is now a separate administrative region.

Most of the region forms part of the Paris Bowl, with a plateau relief cutting by river valleys presenting cuestas in the north–south direction. The eastern office is sharper with the Vosges. Many rivers run through Lorraine, including Moselle, Meurthe, and Meuse. Well-nigh of them are on the Rhine drainage basin.

Lorraine has an oceanic climate with continental influences.

Language and culture [edit]

Near of Lorraine has a clear French identity, with the exception of the northeastern part of the region, today known equally Moselle, which historically has had an ethnic German, and German-speaking, population.

In 1871, Bismarck annexed about a third of today's Lorraine to the new federation of the German Empire post-obit a decisive victory in the Franco-Prussian War. This disputed third has a civilisation non hands classifiable equally either French or High german, since both Romance and German dialects are spoken hither. Like many border regions, Lorraine was a patchwork of ethnicities and dialects not mutually intelligible with either standard French or High german (encounter linguistic boundary of Moselle).

Traditionally, two languages are native to Lorraine. The outset is Lorrain, which is a moribund minority Romance language that is spoken in southeastern Lorraine. The 2d is the German dialect of Lorraine Franconian, a grouping of three Franconian dialects independently surviving in northern and western Lorraine. They are referred to collectively as Plàtt in Franconian or francique or platt (lorrain) in French (not to exist confused with Lorrain, the Romance language). Now mainly rural and isolated, these dialects gradually differ in the region, though they are mutually intelligible. Lorraine Franconian is distinct from neighbouring Alsatian, to the south, although the two are oftentimes confused. Neither of them has official status where they are spoken, but Alsatian is far more widely used.

Technically, Lorraine Franconian is a take hold of-all term for what were historically three dialects: Luxemburgish, Mosel Franconian, and Rhine Franconian. Each is identical to the same dialects spoken in the neighboring Rhineland of Deutschland.

Like most of France's regional languages (e.g. Basque, Breton, West Flemish, Catalan, Provençal, and Alsatian), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian have largely been replaced in use by French. For more than a century, nationalistic policies of the key government required public schooling to be conducted only in French. Now, however, there are efforts being made to revive Lorraine Franconian, whose linguistic vitality is withal relatively high. Contempo efforts include the use of bilingual signs in Franconian areas, and Franconian-language classes for young children whose parents can no longer speak their ancestral language.

Cross of Lorraine [edit]

During Globe War 2, the cross was adopted as the official symbol of the Free French Forces (French: Forces Françaises Libres, or FFL) under Charles de Gaulle.Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu suggested the adoption of the Cross of Lorraine as the symbol of the Costless French.

In his General Club n° 2 of three July 1940, vice-admiral Émile Muselier, chief of the naval and air forces of the Gratis French for two days, created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red Cantankerous of Lorraine, and a cockade also featuring the Cross of Lorraine.

De Gaulle is memorialised at his home village of Colombey-les-Deux-Églises past a gigantic 44.three-meter (145 feet) loftier cross of Lorraine.

Cuisine [edit]

The use of the potato in Lorraine tin can be traced back to 1665. It was imported to Europe from Southward America. It is used in what developed as diverse traditional dishes of the region, such as the potée lorraine. The Breux potato, which takes its proper name from the village of Breux in the north of the Meuse, is considered to be excellent due to the perfect weather of the area for its tillage.

Smoked bacon is also a traditional ingredient of the cuisine of Lorraine. It is used in various traditional dishes of the region, including the famous quiche lorraine. The mirabelle plum of Lorraine is the allegorical fruit of Lorraine. It is used in pies and other desserts, besides as in alcoholic beverages.

Traditional dishes in the region include:

• Quiche Lorraine
• Pâté lorrain (chopped pork and veal flavoured with white wine and broiled in puff pastry)
• Potée lorraine (a stew of smoked meats and sausages, with cabbage, potatoes and other root vegetables)
• Andouille (tripe sausage)

Traditional cheeses of Lorraine include the following: Carré de l'Est, Brouère, Munster-géromé, Tourrée de l'Aubier.

Desserts from the region include: Madeleine, Macaron, Rum baba, Plombières ice-foam, diverse pie recipes (brimbelles bilberry, mirabelle plum, rhubarb, quark...). The Christstollen is too popular in Lorraine during the Christmas flavour.^[8]

Beverages [edit]

• Vino: The nigh well-known vino of the region is the Côtes de Toul. There are vineyards in the valley of the Moselle, the valley of Seille, the valley of Metz, and the valley of Sierck.
• Beer: Historically, Lorraine was the location of many breweries. The Champigneulles brewery, founded on June 20, 1897, is the last remaining large-calibration brewery. In 2016, it was the 2nd largest brewer in France, after Kronenbourg.^[9]

Traditions [edit]

Lorraine has a Roman Catholic heritage. Almost every village has a church, often centuries one-time, although many practise not take a dedicated priest anymore. Church bells are traditionally rung to announce Angelus time (and often toll the hours). By tradition, they exercise non price during Holy Week preceding Easter. Instead, the children of the villages play ratchets and announce, C'est l'Angélus! (It's the Angelus). After Easter, the children go from business firm to house and receive modest presents for their service.

Sinterklaas is historic in Lorraine, where he is chosen "Saint Nicolas". Each yr, more than 150,000 people gather in the streets of Nancy to gloat Sinterklaas. A total of that number assemble in other areas across the region.^[10]

Housing [edit]

Except for dispersed settlement in the Vosges mountains, traditional farms display linked houses, forming linear villages. They are built quite far from the route. The area between the business firm and the road is called l'usoir [fr] . Until the 1970s, the usoir was used to store farming tools, firewood, or manure. Today this area is by and large used as a garden or for car parking.

Piece of furniture developed a specific identity after the Thirty Years' War: the "Lorrain style".

Economic system [edit]

At 44 billion euros (in 2000), Lorraine generates three.iv% of France's GDP. Despite ranking 11th in population, it ranks 8th in Gdp out of the 22 regions of France, making information technology per capita amid the acme economic producing regions in the country, along with Alsace and Île-de-France (Paris). The logistics and service sectors have experienced the strongest growth in recent years. The traditional industries (textiles, mining, metallurgy) accept undergone a decline due to restructuring and the move of some jobs offshore. Consequently, the region has struggled with ascent unemployment, although its rate is still beneath the national boilerplate. In 1997 the last iron ore mine in Lorraine was closed; it had one time produced more than l million tonnes of iron.^[11]

	Lorraine	France
Gdp in 2000	44.3 billion Euros	ane.816 trillion Euros
Agriculture	2.5%	2.8%
Industry	30.7%	25.vi%
Service	66.8%	71.6%
Unemployment in June 2002	8.4%	9%

Major communities [edit]

• Épinal
• Forbach
• Lunéville
• Metz
• Montigny-lès-Metz
• Nancy
• Saint-Dié-des-Vosges
• Sarreguemines
• Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
• Thionville

Animate being and flora [edit]

Animate being [edit]

• Eurasian lynx
• Fox
• European wolf

Flora [edit]

• Ash tree
• Beech
• Buxus boxwood
• Fern
• Geranium
• Hornbeam
• Lily of the Valley
• Maple
• Mirabelle
• Sage
• Spruce
• Thistle

Notable Lorrainers [edit]

Art and literature [edit]

• Jacques Callot (1592–1635)
• Claude Lorrain (Claude Gellée) (1600–1682)
• Émile Erckmann (1822–1899)
• Alexandre Chatrian (1826–1890)
• Paul Verlaine (1844–1896)
• Émile Jules Gallé (1846–1904)
• Jules Bastien-Lepage (1848–1884)
• Eugène Vallin (1856–1922)
• Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) (pictured)
• Victor Prouvé (1858–1943)
• Louis Majorelle (1859–1926)
• Lucien Weissenburger (1860–1929)
• Émile Friant (1863–1932)
• Paul Charbonnier (1865–1953)
• Henri Bergé (1870–1937)
• Jacques Gruber (1870–1936)
• Émile André (1871–1933)
• Jean-Marie Straub (1933–)
• Bernard-Marie Koltès (1948–1989)
• Philippe Claudel (1962–)
• Georges de La Tour (1593–1652)

Economy and industry [edit]

• Albert Bergeret (1859–1932)
• Antonin (1864–1930) and Auguste Daum (1853–1909)

Armed forces [edit]

• Godfrey de Bouillon (1060–1100)
• Georges Mouton (1770–1838)
• Jean Baptiste Eblé (1758–1812)
• Nicolas Oudinot (1767–1848)
• Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828)
• Louis-Hubert Lyautey (1854–1934)
• Charles Mangin (1866–1925)

Musicians and actors [edit]

• Florent Schmitt (1870–1958)
• Darry Cowl (1925–2006)
• Charlélie Couture (1956–)
• Tom Novembre (1959–)
• Patricia Kaas (1966–)

Politicians [edit]

• Pierre-Louis Roederer (1754–1835)
• Jules Ferry (1832–1893)
• Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934) (pictured to the right)
• Maurice Barrès (1862–1923)
• Albert Lebrun (1871–1950)
• Robert Schuman (1886–1963)
• Jack Lang (1939–)
• Christian Poncelet (1928–) (French politician, President of the Senate 1998–2008)
• Aurélie Filippetti (1973–)

Religion [edit]

• Bruno d'Eguisheim-Dagsbourg, likewise known as Pope Leo Nine (1002–1054)
• Henri Grégoire (1750–1831)
• Joan of Arc (1412–1431)

Sciences [edit]

• Benoit de Maillet (1656–1738)
• Charles Messier (1730–1817)
• Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (1757–1785)
• Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788–1867)
• Charles Hermite (1822–1901)
• Edmond Laguerre (1834–1886)
• Henri Poincaré (1854–1912)
• Marie Marvingt (1875–1963)
• Louis Camille Maillard (1878–1936)
• Hubert Curien (1924–2005)

Sport [edit]

• Michel Platini (1955–)
• Patrick Battiston (1957–)
• Morgan Parra (1988–)

Miscellaneous [edit]

• Antoine de Ville
• Raymond Schwartz (1894–1973)
• Nicolas Chopin (1771–1844)
• Pierre Gaxotte (1895–1982)

See as well [edit]

• Belgian Lorraine
• Côtes de Toul
• List of rulers of Lorraine
• Lorraine (duchy)
• Lotharingia
• Saar-Warndt coal mining bowl

Notes [edit]

References [edit]

1. ^ Loi northward° 2015-29 du 16 janvier 2015 relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral (in French)
2. ^ cf. "Gesetz, betreffend die amtliche Geschäftssprache" (Law apropos the official transaction language) of 31 March 1872, Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen (Legal gazette for Alsace-Lorraine), p. 159.
3. ^ The imperial Statthalter was entitled to allow French every bit language of instruction in elementary and secondary schools in areas that were predominately Francophone, cf. §4 of the "Gesetz, betreffend das Unterrichtswesen" (Police apropos the educational system) of 12 February 1873, Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen, p. 37.
4. ^ The 'Police force concerning the official transaction linguistic communication' provided for exceptions from the German language in areas with Francophone majorities.
5. ^ Otto Pflanze, Bismarck: Der Reichskanzler [Bismarck and the evolution of Frg), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990; High german], Munich: Beck, 2008, p. 484. ISBN 978 3 406 54823 9.
6. ^ Cf. § 26 of the "Gesetz über dice Verfassung Elsaß-Lothringens" (Police force on the Constitution of Alsace-Lorraine), retrieved on 24 April 2013.
7. ^ Such as replacing French pronunciation spellings of the local dialects to standard High German orthography, due east.g. …bourg to …burg, …firm to …hausen, …troff to …dorf, …ange to …ingen etc.
8. ^ "Stollen et brioche de Noël : Mamie fait de la résistance". Le Républicain lorrain. 2012.
9. ^ "Champigneulles brasse très fort". www.estrepublicain.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-27 .
10. ^ "Marche de Noel Fêtes: Saint Nicolas"
11. ^ Atomic number 26 Ore in 1997, Minerals, United States Geological Survey, Dept. of Interior]

Further reading [edit]

• Putnam, Ruth. Alsace and Lorraine: From Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.-1871 A.D. New York: 1915.
• Bontemps, Daniel and Martine Bontemps-Litique, with Nelly Benoit, Virginie Legrand and Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Les noms de famille en Lorraine, Archives et Culture, Paris,1999^[i]

External links [edit]

• Official homepage of the Regional Council at the Wayback Auto (archived Nov 27, 2015)
• Regional Prefecture at the Wayback Machine (archived December 30, 2015)
• Lorraine : Between war and art: memories Lorraine - Official French website (in English)
• A short guide to the Lorraine region and its main attractions
• MyLorraine.fr - Share your Lorraine
• Business in Lorraine

Coordinates: 49°00′N 6°00′E  /  49.000°North 6.000°E  / 49.000; half-dozen.000

1. ^ "BNF Catalogue général".

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